Individual portfolios per client. Same target weights, but separate accounts and separate execution.
Holdings
Same ISIN. Every investor owns the certificate, not the constituent positions.
One trade per account. Each executes at slightly different prices.
Rebalancing
One trade, at the strategy level — serves everyone simultaneously.
Cumulates over time — divergence between strategy value and what clients actually hold.
Slippage
Zero. Identical NAV across all participants — no divergence.
Stays with the manager — full operational burden.
KYC
Sits with the broker-dealer — load lifted off the manager.
Often $1M+ per relationship — limits the client base.
Minimum
As low as $20,000 per investor — opens a wider base.